TB-500

Description

Product Specifications – TB-500 (Thymosin β4 Fragment)

Field	Details
Product Name	TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ) Synthetic peptide corresponding to the active actin-binding region of Thymosin β4
Category	Synthetic heptapeptide fragment of Thymosin β4 Research peptide for cellular migration and angiogenesis pathway studies
Peptide Length	7 amino acids (heptapeptide)
Amino Acid Sequence	Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln (Ac-LKKTETQ)
Molecular Formula	C₃₈H₆₈N₁₀O₁₄
Molecular Weight	≈ 889.02 Da
Form & Purity	Lyophilized powder; purity ≥95% (HPLC-verified)
Storage	Lyophilized: ≤ –20°C long-term, dry Reconstituted: ~4°C for 10–14 days Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles
Compliance Status	Not FDA-approved. Prohibited by WADA (anti-doping). Available only for research use.

Molecular Mechanism Research

TB-500 is studied in controlled laboratory settings for its interactions with actin-binding pathways and cellular signaling mechanisms. Research focuses on molecular pathway investigations in in vitro cell culture models and preclinical systems.

Actin-Binding & Cellular Migration Studies

Laboratory research examines TB-500’s binding interactions with G-actin and effects on actin polymerization dynamics in cell culture systems. Studies investigate cellular migration mechanisms and cytoskeletal remodeling pathways in various cell types.

Angiogenesis Pathway & Matrix Remodeling Research

Preclinical research investigates TB-500’s effects on multiple signaling pathways in laboratory models:

• Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK) Pathway: Studies examine ILK activation and downstream Akt pathway signaling in endothelial cell cultures
• VEGF Expression Research: Investigations of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in angiogenesis models
• Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs): Research on MMP activity in extracellular matrix remodeling studies
• Laminin Expression: Studies of laminin-332 synthesis and basement membrane protein expression in cell culture

Research models examine endothelial differentiation mechanisms, capillary formation pathways in vitro, and tissue granulation processes in laboratory conditions. [1]

PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway Investigations

Recent laboratory studies investigate TB-500’s effects on:

• PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling cascade activation in cellular assays
• HIF-1α (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha) pathway interactions in hypoxia models
• Vascular proliferation mechanisms in endothelial cell research
• Metabolic support pathways in tissue culture systems

These pathway investigations in controlled laboratory conditions examine pro-migratory and pro-angiogenic signaling mechanisms in various cell types. [2]

Inflammatory Mediator & Cell Survival Research

Laboratory models study TB-500’s effects on:

• Cytokine expression modulation in inflammatory cell culture models
• Neutrophil adhesion mechanisms in leukocyte migration studies
• Apoptosis pathway regulation in cell survival assays
• Cell survival signaling pathways in tissue culture
• Necrosis biomarker studies in cellular damage models

Research examines inflammatory response pathways and regenerative remodeling mechanisms in controlled in vitro environments. Multiple experimental models investigate functional outcome measures in laboratory systems. [3]

Preclinical Research Applications

TB-500 has been investigated in various preclinical research models:

Dermal & Epithelial Research Models

Published animal studies have examined:

• Reepithelialization mechanisms in rodent wound models
• Angiogenesis pathway activation in tissue repair studies
• Tensile strength measurements in biomechanical research
• Keratinocyte migration in cell culture systems
• Collagen deposition pathways in fibroblast studies

Topical and systemic administration routes have been investigated in preclinical research protocols. [4]

Ophthalmic Research

Clinical research with full-length Thymosin β4 (not TB-500 fragment) has been conducted:

• A randomized controlled trial investigated RGN-259 (Thymosin β4 0.1% ophthalmic solution)
• Research examined corneal healing mechanisms in neurotrophic keratopathy models
• Studies assessed ocular comfort parameters in dry eye populations
• Safety profiles were evaluated in ophthalmologic research settings

Note: This research utilized full-length Thymosin β4, not the TB-500 fragment. Results may not be directly applicable to TB-500. [5]

Additional Preclinical Investigation Areas

Exploratory preclinical models have investigated TB-500 in:

• Myocardial injury models examining cardiac tissue pathways
• Spinal cord injury research studying neural pathway mechanisms
• Traumatic brain injury models investigating neuroprotective pathways
• Hair follicle development studies in dermatological research

These represent early-stage preclinical investigations in animal models. Human systemic data remains extremely limited. [6]

Laboratory Handling & Quality Considerations

Storage Protocol:

• Store lyophilized powder at ≤ –20°C in dry conditions
• Reconstitute using appropriate sterile technique
• Maintain reconstituted solutions at ~4°C
• Use reconstituted material within 10–14 days
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles
• Create aliquots for single-use applications

Quality Verification:

• Certificate of Analysis (COA) verification essential for research applications
• HPLC purity confirmation recommended (≥95%)
• GMP manufacturing verification important for consistent research results
• Peptide content validation through mass spectrometry when possible
• Sterility testing for cell culture applications

Note: Online peptide sources may contain variable peptide content, impurities, or sterility concerns. Always verify quality documentation for research applications.

Research Considerations from Literature

Observations from Animal Research:

Published preclinical studies generally report tolerability in animal models with topical or systemic administration routes. Some research protocols note mild injection site observations in certain experimental conditions.

Theoretical Research Considerations:

• Angiogenesis pathway activation: Research models investigating pro-angiogenic mechanisms raise theoretical considerations for proliferative disease research models
• Cell migration studies: Enhanced migratory signaling in laboratory conditions suggests potential cellular behavior considerations in various research contexts
• Long-term safety profiles: Extended duration studies in animal models remain limited in published literature

Important: These represent theoretical considerations from research pathway investigations, not established clinical risk profiles.

Research References

⚠️ CITATION NOTICE: The following references represent published scientific research conducted in controlled preclinical and laboratory settings. These studies do not represent approved clinical applications and are provided for research reference purposes only.

1. Xing, Y., Ye, Y., Zuo, H., & Li, Y. (2021). Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 767785. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.767785
2. Philp, D., Goldstein, A. L., & Kleinman, H. K. (2004). Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 125(2), 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2003.11.005
3. Sosne, G., & Berger, E. A. (2023). Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Adjunct Treatment for Bacterial Keratitis. International Immunopharmacology, 118, 109953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109953
4. Malinda, K. M., Sidhu, G. S., Mani, H., Banaudha, K., Maheshwari, R. K., Goldstein, A. L., & Kleinman, H. K. (1999). Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 113(3), 364–368. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x
5. Sosne, G., Kleinman, H. K., Springs, C., Gross, R. H., Sung, J., & Kang, S. (2022). 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010554
6. Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., Meng, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. G., Morris, D. C., & Chopp, M. (2012). Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of Thymosin beta 4 treatment following experimental traumatic brain injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1270, 51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06683.x